Linux Ocean

YUM Server Configuration in RHEL 6 (Yellow Dog Updater Modified) FTP Method

2012-01-21T03:40:00.000-08:00

Server side configuration:

Step 1:

Install createrepo.rpm from the DVD for creating repository.

#rpm -ivh createrepo.rpm (Install the dependencies first, if any [eg:deltarpm, python-deltarpm])

#rpm -ivh vsftpd.rpm (for FTP server)

Step 2:

Copy all rpms form the DVD and past over the hard disk share them up in NFS.

#createrepo /path-to-rpms

eg:#createrepo /var/ftp/pub

It will take several minutes that depends upon the number of rpms that you have copied from the DVD specified and the configuration of yourmachine.

Step 3:

#service vsftpd restart

Touch the following file with the contents specified.

#vim /etc/yum.repos.d/somename.repo

[base]

name=friendly name

baseurl=ftp://192.168.0.254/pub/ (Give the ipaddress of the YUM server)

enabled=1

gpgcheck=0

Step 4:

Use the yum server in the same machine because server is the first client of the same service most of the times the following command is used for install gcc compiler

#yum install gcc

Client side configuration:

Touch the following file with the contents specified.

#vim /etc/yum.repos.d/somename.repo

[base]

name=friendly name

baseurl=ftp://192.168.0.254/pub/ (Give the ipaddress of the YUM server)

enabled=1

gpgcheck=0

#yum install gcc (just for an example)

Mounting an iso file in Linux (Fedora, Redhat)

2012-01-20T03:07:00.000-08:00

#mkdir /rhel6 (creating a mount point – an empty directory)

#mount –t iso9660 –o loop rhel6.iso /rhel6 (actual mountingis taken place)

#cd /rhel6 (change to the directory)

#ls (listing down the iso content)

Nameserver Types

2011-09-19T05:03:00.001-07:00

There are two nameserver configuration types:

authoritative: Authoritative nameservers answer to resource records that are part of their zones only. This category includes both primary (master) and secondary (slave) nameservers.
recursive: Recursive nameservers offer resolution services, but they are not authoritative for any zone. Answers for all resolutions are cached in a memory for a fixed period of time, which is specified by the retrieved resource record.

Although a nameserver can be both authoritative and recursive at the same time, it is recommended not to combine the configuration types. To be able to perform their work, authoritative servers should be available to all clients all the time. On the other hand, since the recursive lookup takes far more time than authoritative responses, recursive servers should be available to a restricted number of clients only, otherwise they are prone to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks.

EXT4 features

2011-09-07T02:13:00.000-07:00

1. Compatibility

Any existing Ext3 filesystem can be migrated to Ext4 with an easy procedure which consists in running a couple of commands in read-only mode (described in the next section). This means that you can improve the performance, storage limits and features of your current filesystems without reformatting and/or reinstalling your OS and software environment. If you need the advantages of Ext4 on a production system, you can upgrade the filesystem. The procedure is safe and doesn't risk your data (obviously, backup of critical data is recommended, even if you aren't updating your filesystem :). Ext4 will use the new data structures only on new data, the old structures will remain untouched and it will be possible to read/modify them when needed. This means, that, of course, that once you convert your filesystem to Ext4 you won't be able to go back to Ext3 again (although there's a possibility, described in the next section, of mounting a Ext3 filesystem with Ext4 without using the new disk format and you'll be able to mount it with Ext3 again, but you lose many of the advantages of Ext4).

2. Bigger filesystem/file sizes

Currently, Ext3 support 16 TB of maximum filesystem size, and 2 TB of maximum file size. Ext4 adds 48-bit block addressing, so it will have 1 EB of maximum filesystem size and 16 TB of maximum file size. 1 EB = 1,048,576 TB (1 EB = 1024 PB, 1 PB = 1024 TB, 1 TB = 1024 GB). Why 48-bit and not 64-bit? There are some limitations that would need to be fixed before making Ext4 fully 64-bit capable, which have not been addressed in Ext4. The Ext4 data structures have been designed keeping this in mind, so a future update to Ext4 will implement full 64-bit support at some point. 1 EB will be enough (really :)) until that happens. (Note: The code to create filesystems bigger than 16 TB is -at the time of writing this article- not in any stable release of e2fsprogs. It will be in future releases.)

3. Sub directory scalability

Right now the maximum possible number of sub directories contained in a single directory in Ext3 is 32000. Ext4 breaks that limit and allows a unlimited number of sub directories.

4. Extents

The traditionally Unix-derived filesystems like Ext3 use a indirect block mapping scheme to keep track of each block used for the blocks corresponding to the data of a file. This is inefficient for large files, specially on large file delete and truncate operations, because the mapping keeps a entry for every single block, and big files have many blocks -> huge mappings, slow to handle. Modern filesystems use a different approach called "extents". An extent is basically a bunch of contiguous physical blocks. It basically says "The data is in the next n blocks". For example, a 100 MB file can be allocated into a single extent of that size, instead of needing to create the indirect mapping for 25600 blocks (4 KB per block). Huge files are split in several extents. Extents improve the performance and also help to reduce the fragmentation, since an extent encourages continuous layouts on the disk.

5. Multiblock allocation

When Ext3 needs to write new data to the disk, there's a block allocator that decides which free blocks will be used to write the data. But the Ext3 block allocator only allocates one block (4KB) at a time. That means that if the system needs to write the 100 MB data mentioned in the previous point, it will need to call the block allocator 25600 times (and it was just 100 MB!). Not only this is inefficient, it doesn't allow the block allocator to optimize the allocation policy because it doesn't knows how many total data is being allocated, it only knows about a single block. Ext4 uses a "multiblock allocator" (mballoc) which allocates many blocks in a single call, instead of a single block per call, avoiding a lot of overhead. This improves the performance, and it's particularly useful with delayed allocation and extents. This feature doesn't affect the disk format. Also, note that the Ext4 block/inode allocator has other improvements, described in detail in this paper.

6. Delayed allocation

Delayed allocation is a performance feature (it doesn't change the disk format) found in a few modern filesystems such as XFS, ZFS, btrfs or Reiser 4, and it consists in delaying the allocation of blocks as much as possible, contrary to what traditionally filesystems (such as Ext3, reiser3, etc) do: allocate the blocks as soon as possible. For example, if a process write()s, the filesystem code will allocate immediately the blocks where the data will be placed - even if the data is not being written right now to the disk and it's going to be kept in the cache for some time. This approach has disadvantages. For example when a process is writing continually to a file that grows, successive write()s allocate blocks for the data, but they don't know if the file will keep growing. Delayed allocation, on the other hand, does not allocate the blocks immediately when the process write()s, rather, it delays the allocation of the blocks while the file is kept in cache, until it is really going to be written to the disk. This gives the block allocator the opportunity to optimize the allocation in situations where the old system couldn't. Delayed allocation plays very nicely with the two previous features mentioned, extents and multiblock allocation, because in many workloads when the file is written finally to the disk it will be allocated in extents whose block allocation is done with the mballoc allocator. The performance is much better, and the fragmentation is much improved in some workloads.

7. Fast fsck

Fsck is a very slow operation, especially the first step: checking all the inodes in the file system. In Ext4, at the end of each group's inode table will be stored a list of unused inodes (with a checksum, for safety), so fsck will not check those inodes. The result is that total fsck time improves from 2 to 20 times, depending on the number of used inodes (http://kerneltrap.org/Linux/Improving_fsck_Speeds_in_Ext4). It must be noticed that it's fsck, and not Ext4, who will build the list of unused inodes. This means that you must run fsck to get the list of unused inodes built, and only the next fsck run will be faster (you need to pass a fsck in order to convert a Ext3 filesystem to Ext4 anyway). There's also a feature that takes part in this fsck speed up - "flexible block groups" - that also speeds up filesystem operations.

8. Journal checksumming

The journal is the most used part of the disk, making the blocks that form part of it more prone to hardware failure. And recovering from a corrupted journal can lead to massive corruption. Ext4 checksums the journal data to know if the journal blocks are failing or corrupted. But journal checksumming has a bonus: it allows one to convert the two-phase commit system of Ext3's journaling to a single phase, speeding the filesystem operation up to 20% in some cases - so reliability and performance are improved at the same time. (Note: the part of the feature that improves the performance, the asynchronous logging, is turned off by default for now, and will be enabled in future releases, when its reliability improves)

9. "No Journaling" mode

Journaling ensures the integrity of the filesystem by keeping a log of the ongoing disk changes. However, it is know to have a small overhead. Some people with special requirements and workloads can run without a journal and its integrity advantages. In Ext4 the journaling feature can be disabled, which provides a small performance improvement.

10. Online defragmentation

(This feature is being developed and will be included in future releases). While delayed allocation, extents and multiblock allocation help to reduce the fragmentation, with usage filesystems can still fragment. For example: You write three files in a directory and continually on the disk. Some day you need to update the file of the middle, but the updated file has grown a bit, so there's not enough room for it. You have no option but fragment the excess of data to another place of the disk, which will cause a seek, or allocate the updated file continually in another place, far from the other two files, resulting in seeks if an application needs to read all the files on a directory (say, a file manager doing thumbnails on a directory full of images). Besides, the filesystem can only care about certain types of fragmentation, it can't know, for example, that it must keep all the boot-related files contiguous, because it doesn't know which files are boot-related. To solve this issue, Ext4 will support online fragmentation, and there's a e4defrag tool which can defragment individual files or the whole filesystem.

11. Inode-related features

Larger inodes, nanosecond timestamps, fast extended attributes, inodes reservation...

* Larger inodes: Ext3 supports configurable inode sizes (via the -I mkfs parameter), but the default inode size is 128 bytes. Ext4 will default to 256 bytes. This is needed to accommodate some extra fields (like nanosecond timestamps or inode versioning), and the remaining space of the inode will be used to store extend attributes that are small enough to fit it that space. This will make the access to those attributes much faster, and improves the performance of applications that use extend attributes by a factor of 3-7 times.

* Inode reservation consists in reserving several inodes when a directory is created, expecting that they will be used in the future. This improves the performance, because when new files are created in that directory they'll be able to use the reserved inodes. File creation and deletion is hence more efficient.

* Nanoseconds timestamps means that inode fields like "modified time" will be able to use nanosecond resolution instead of the second resolution of Ext3.

12. Persistent preallocation

This feature, available in Ext3 in the latest kernel versions, and emulated by glibc in the filesystems that don't support it, allows applications to preallocate disk space: Applications tell the filesystem to preallocate the space, and the filesystem preallocates the necessary blocks and data structures, but there's no data on it until the application really needs to write the data in the future. This is what P2P applications do in their own when they "preallocate" the necessary space for a download that will last hours or days, but implemented much more efficiently by the filesystem and with a generic API. This have several uses: first, to avoid applications (like P2P apps) doing it themselves inefficiently by filling a file with zeros. Second, to improve fragmentation, since the blocks will be allocated at one time, as contiguously as possible. Third, to ensure that applications has always the space they know they will need, which is important for RT-ish applications, since without preallocation the filesystem could get full in the middle of an important operation. The feature is available via the libc posix_fallocate() interface.

13. Barriers on by default

This is an option that improves the integrity of the filesystem at the cost of some performance (you can disable it with "mount -o barrier=0", recommended trying it if you're benchmarking). From this LWN article: "The filesystem code must, before writing the [journaling] commit record, be absolutely sure that all of the transaction's information has made it to the journal. Just doing the writes in the proper order is insufficient; contemporary drives maintain large internal caches and will reorder operations for better performance. So the filesystem must explicitly instruct the disk to get all of the journal data onto the media before writing the commit record; if the commit record gets written first, the journal may be corrupted. The kernel's block I/O subsystem makes this capability available through the use of barriers; in essence, a barrier forbids the writing of any blocks after the barrier until all blocks written before the barrier are committed to the media. By using barriers, filesystems can make sure that their on-disk structures remain consistent at all times."

New in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6

2011-07-21T22:13:00.000-07:00

Your productivity, security and flexibility are enhanced with

OpenOffice 3 suite
Email - (openchange MAPI client capability)
NetworkManager - mobile network connection management
Cisco IPSEC client compatibility
Smart Card support
Encrypted disk (luks)

High Availability Add-On

2011-07-21T22:11:00.000-07:00

High Availability Add-On

The High Availability Add-On for Red Hat Enterprise Linux provides continuous availability of services by eliminating single points of failure. By offering failover services between nodes within a cluster, the High Availability Add-On supports high availability for up to 16 nodes. (Currently this capability is limited to a single LAN or datacenter located within one physical site.)

The High Availability Add-On also enables failover for off-the-shelf applications such as Apache, MySQL, and PostgreSQL, any of which can be coupled with resources like IP address and single-node file systems to form highly available services. The High Availability Add-On can also be easily extended to any user-specified application that is controlled by an init script per UNIX System V (SysV) standards.

When using the High Availability Add-On, a highly available service can fail over from one node to another with no apparent interruption to cluster clients. The High Availability Add-On also ensures absolute data integrity when one cluster node takes over control of a service from another cluster node. It achieves this by promptly evicting nodes from the cluster that are deemed to be faulty using a method called "fencing" that prevents data corruption. The High Availability Add-On supports several types of fencing, including both power- and storage area network (SAN)-based fencing.

High Availability Add-On Features and Benefits

Features	Benefits
Clustering	Red Hat's High Availability Add-On enables applications to be highly available by reducing downtime and ensuring that there is no single point of failure in a cluster. It also isolates unresponsive applications and nodes so they can't corrupt critical enterprise data
Conga	The Conga application of Red Hat Enterprise Linux provides centralized configuration and management for the High Availability Add-On
Corosync	Corosync is a cluster executive within the High Availability Add-On that implements the Totem Single Ring Ordering and Membership Protocol, delivering an extremely mature, secure, high-performing, and lightweight high-availability solution
Integrated virtualization	Virtualization is pervasive throughout today's enterprise datacenters. Not only is Red Hat Enterprise Linux designed to be a superior guest on any of the major hypervisors, but it can also be a virtualization host. Virtualization is integrated directly into the Red Hat Enterprise Linux kernel using kernel-based virtual machine (KVM) technology. As part of the kernel, your administrators get the complete breadth of Red Hat Enterprise Linux system management and security tools and certifications
Fencing & unfencing	Fencing is removing access to resources from a cluster node that has lost contact with the cluster, thereby protecting resources such as shared storage from uncoordinated modification. Red Hat has made extensive improvements in the SCSI-3 PR reservations-based fencing. By enabling manual specification of keys and devices for registration and reservation, cluster administrators can bypass clvm and improve configuration and system flexibility. After fencing, the unconnected cluster node would ordinarily need to be rebooted to safely rejoin the cluster. However, unfencing allows a node to re-enable access when starting up without administrative intervention.
Improved cluster configuration system	The cluster configuration system now supports load options other than XML, including the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). Configuration reload is validated and easily synchronized across the cluster for better usability and manageability.
Virtualization integration	You can now run virtualized KVM guests as managed services
Rich graphical user interface (GUI)-based cluster management and administration	In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, the Web interface to luci has been redesigned and runs on TurboGears2
Unified logging and debugging	System administrators can now enable, capture, and read cluster system logs via a single cluster configuration command

courtesy: Redhat.com

Stable. Secure. Scalable. And, Innovative! Redhat Enterprise Linux 6.1 released

2011-05-20T07:23:00.000-07:00

On May 19th, Red Hat released the first service pack since the release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. As with every service pack, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.1 consolidates all patches and security updates since the introduction of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, while maintaining application compatibility, ISV and IHV support.

The established performance leader as both a virtual machine guest and hypervisor host, we already set another new SpecVirt record in multi-core scaling with RHEL6.1 due to lower latencies in networking and I/O.

Many customers moved immediately to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 for the latest in filesystem performance and options. This update updates our advanced networking storage offerings. FCoE, Data Center Briding and iSCSI offload allow networked storage to deliver the quality of service required.

Keeping pace with the latest hardware innovations, we worked with Intel to support the latest hot-plug processors and memory – as well as the latest NUMA architectures and PCI express 3.0.

Developers can now process memory with Valgrind improvements and learn even more about running processes with SystemTap. These enhancements have been integrated into the Eclipse IDE for a unified development experience.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux supports the entire data center architecture and major infrastructure projects like:

Moving to IPv6 is easier with optimized networking, firewall and DHCP/DNS services.
Intelligent application consolidation using Control Groups functionality for resource control of applications and virtual machines.
Managing application uptime using transparent proxy or High-availability Add-Ons, that can fail-over applications, services or virtual machines.
Tracking Red Hat Enterprise Linux deployments and subscriptions by using the new Subscription Manager, currently only available with 6.1 and for use with RHN
Planning user authentication and authorization with LDAP, kerberos, AD integration or Red Hat Enterprise Identity (IPA) services, now in Tech Preview

Courtesy: Redhat Official Website.

Ubuntu 11.04 is available in its official site.

2011-05-13T21:33:00.000-07:00

Features of Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal)

The latest version of the popular Linux desktop distribution Ubuntu 11.04 has been released and available from the official project web site. This new version uses the Unity user interface instead of GNOME Shell as default desktop (user can switch back to classic Gnome desktop any time). New features since Ubuntu 10.10 includes – Banshee as the default music player, Mozilla Firefox 4, LibreOffice, Linux kernel v2.6.38.2, gcc 4.5, Python 2.7, dpkg 1.16.0, Upstart 0.9, X.org 1.10.1, Mesa 7.10.2, Shotwell 0.9.2, and Evolution 2.32.2.

User Quota Creation

2011-04-20T07:29:00.000-07:00

Step1: #vim /etc/fstab
add usrquota in the /home partition after defaults,usrquota
Step2: #mount -o remount /home
Step3: #quotacheck -cf /home
Step4: #quotaon /home
Step5: #repquota /home
Step6: #edquota pna - edit the quota for the user pna ( give the soft and hard limitations)
Step7: #repquota /home (It will show the quota for the user pna)

Adding kickstart file in the remote boot screen itself

2011-04-15T22:09:00.000-07:00

Edit the following file:

#vim /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default

Add the follwoing line in the file:

label ks
kernel vmlinuz
append initrd=initrd.img ks=nfs:192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub/ks.cfg

Adding another OS in this file (example: rhel6):

label 6
kernel rhel6/vmlinuz
append initrd=rhel6/initrd.img ks=nfs:192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub/rhel6/ks.cfg

Compression & Backup

2011-04-11T05:17:00.000-07:00

gzip:
1.#seq 100000 > 1lakh.txt (creating a file with the content 100000)
2.#gzip -c 1lakh.txt > 1lakh.txt.gz (compressing the file)
3.#gzip -l 1lakh.txt.gz (showing the compression rate)
4.#gunzip 1lakh.txt.gz (uncompress the file)
5.#zcat 1lakh.txt.gz (view the content without decompressing)
or
#zcat 1lakh.txt.gz | less

bzip2: (best compression)
6.#bzip2 -c 1lakh.txt > 1lakh.txt.bz2 (compressing using algorithm bzip2)
7.#bzcat 1lakh.txt.bz2 (view the content without decompressing)
or
#bzcat 1lakh.txt.bz2 |less
8.#bunzip2 1lakh.txt.bz2 (decompressing using bzip2)

Zip:
9.#zip 1lakh.txt.zip 1lakh.txt (compressing using zip)
10.#unzip 1lakh.txt.zip (uncompress the file)

Tar & Gzip, Bzip2 (Tape Drive Archieve or backup):

create a directory special and put some contents in that.

11.#tar -cvf myfile.tar special/ (taking backup)

12.#tar -cvf myfile.tar 1lakh.txt.gz (adding another file in the same tar)

13.#tar -czvf myfile.tar.gz special/ (creating tar & gzip together)

14.#tar -cjvf myfile.tar.bz2 special/ (creating tar & bzip2 together)

15.#tar -tzvf myfile.tar.gz (viewing the gzip without extraction)

16.#tar -cjvf myfile.tar.bz2 special.save/ (viewing the files)

17.#tar -xvf myfile.tar.gz (extracting gzip file)

18.#tar -xvf myfile.tar.bz2 (extracting bzip2 file)

Google Chrome 10.0.648.204 works good in RHEL6

2011-04-05T22:21:00.000-07:00

Google Chrome 10.0.648.204 works good in RHEL6.

Steps to install Google Chrome to RHEL 6.

Step1:
Goto http://www.google.com/chrome/eula.html?platform=linux_fedora_i386 location

Step2: download the 32 bit .rpm (For Fedora/openSUSE) or 64 bit .rpm (For Fedora/openSUSE) with respect to your Operating System.

Step3: install the rpm by right clicking it.

Step4: Select the menu option as follows
Applications-> Internet -> Google Chorme.

Note: the rpm that is designed for Fedora and openSUSE works good for RHEL6 also.

RAID 5 Configuration in RHEL5.3

2011-03-31T05:04:00.000-07:00

Step 1: Create 3 partitions by using #fdisk /dev/sda (say /dev/sda6, /dev/sda7, /dev/sda8) and change the system id as fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Step 2: #partprobe or #reboot -f
Step 3: #mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l 5 -n 3 /dev/sda6 /dev/sda7 /dev/sda8
            #mkfs.ext3 /dev/md0
Step 4: #mkdir /raid5
            mount in /etc/fstab (/dev/md0 /raid5 ext3 defaults 0 0) (add an entry in /etc/fstab)
            #mount -a
Step 5: #mdadm --detail /dev/md0 (viewing the raid device)
            #cat /proc/mdstat (viewing the raid device configuration)
Step 6: #mdadm -f /dev/md0 /dev/sda8 (disabling device from the existing RAID)
           #mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/sda9 (adding a new device in the existing RAID)
           #mdadm -r /dev/md0 /dev/sda8 (for removing a device from the existing RAID)

HTTP or Apache Server with Authentication

2011-03-24T02:34:00.000-07:00

Step1: Install rpms
#rpm -ivh http*
or
#yum install http*

Step2: Setting up the configuration file
#vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
ESC+shift+g

<Directory "/var/www/html/test"> create index.html file in this location
AuthType Basic
AuthName "password protected"
AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/testpass
Require user pna
<Directory>

Step3:
#htpasswd -c /etc/httpd/testpass pna
give the password two times
#service httpd restart
#chkconfig httpd on

Step4:
#elinks http://192.168.0.254/test (it will ask for username and password for accessing the website.)

Swap file creation & Swap partition creation

2011-03-16T04:19:00.000-07:00

Step:1 Adding virtual memory (adding swap file)

#dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/local/swapfile bs=1k count=1M (creating a file)
#mkswap /var/local/swapfile

Step:2 add an entry to /etc/fstab

/var/local/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0

Step:3 enabling the swap partitions

#swapon -a (enabling all swap partitions)
#swapon -s (showing all swap partitions)

Creating swap partition

1.create a partition (eg:/dev/sda6)
2.#mkswap -L swap2 /dev/sda6 (creating a partition and label as swap2)

add an entry to /etc/fstab
LABEL=swap2 swap swap defaults 0 0
save and quit /etc/fstab

#swapon -a (enabling all swap partitions.)
#swapon -s (showing all swap partitions)

DHCP is working good in RHEL6

2011-03-11T21:57:00.000-08:00

Server Configuration:
Step1: install the following rpm

rpm -ivh dhcp-4.1.1-12.P1.el6.i686.rpm

Step 2: cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.1.1/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
Step 3: change the range of ip address as per your wish.
Step 4: service dhcpd restart
Step 5: chkconfig dhcpd on

Client Configuration:
Step 1: dhclient
Step 2: check the following file
            /etc/resolv.conf

Sample file: Copy and paste the specified location /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf and get the dhcp service

# dhcpd.conf
#
# Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd
#

# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "jetking.com";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;

# Use this to enble / disable dynamic dns updates globally.
#ddns-update-style none;

# If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
# network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
#authoritative;

# Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
# have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
log-facility local7;

# No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the
# DHCP server to understand the network topology.

subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.10;
}

# This is a very basic subnet declaration.

subnet 10.254.239.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
range 10.254.239.10 10.254.239.20;
option routers rtr-239-0-1.example.org, rtr-239-0-2.example.org;
}

# This declaration allows BOOTP clients to get dynamic addresses,
# which we don't really recommend.

subnet 10.254.239.32 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
range dynamic-bootp 10.254.239.40 10.254.239.60;
option broadcast-address 10.254.239.31;
option routers rtr-239-32-1.example.org;
}

# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
option domain-name "internal.example.org";
option routers 10.5.5.1;
option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;
default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
}

# Hosts which require special configuration options can be listed in
# host statements.   If no address is specified, the address will be
# allocated dynamically (if possible), but the host-specific information
# will still come from the host declaration.

host passacaglia {
hardware ethernet 0:0:c0:5d:bd:95;
filename "vmunix.passacaglia";
server-name "toccata.fugue.com";
}

# Fixed IP addresses can also be specified for hosts.   These addresses
# should not also be listed as being available for dynamic assignment.
# Hosts for which fixed IP addresses have been specified can boot using
# BOOTP or DHCP.   Hosts for which no fixed address is specified can only
# be booted with DHCP, unless there is an address range on the subnet
# to which a BOOTP client is connected which has the dynamic-bootp flag
# set.
host fantasia {
hardware ethernet 08:00:07:26:c0:a5;
fixed-address fantasia.fugue.com;
}

# You can declare a class of clients and then do address allocation
# based on that.   The example below shows a case where all clients
# in a certain class get addresses on the 10.17.224/24 subnet, and all
# other clients get addresses on the 10.0.29/24 subnet.

class "foo" {
match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 4) = "SUNW";
}

shared-network 224-29 {
subnet 10.17.224.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
    option routers rtr-224.example.org;
}
subnet 10.0.29.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
    option routers rtr-29.example.org;
}
pool {
    allow members of "foo";
    range 10.17.224.10 10.17.224.250;
}
pool {
    deny members of "foo";
    range 10.0.29.10 10.0.29.230;
}
}

Call kickstart file from client machine

2011-02-27T22:32:00.000-08:00

Command for
Call kickstart file from client machine, if the server is running nfs
linux ks=nfs:192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub/ks.cfg

Installing fonts in Ubuntu 9.04

2011-02-23T04:20:00.000-08:00

Step 1: Copy the fonts to /usr/share/fonts or /home/.fonts directory
Step 2: Run the command sudo fc-cache -fv
Step 3: Check the font in any of the Open Office Packages.

PXE Server Configuration

2011-02-16T00:14:00.000-08:00

step1: copy the DVD into /var/ftp/pub

step2: vim /etc/exports
          /var/ftp/pub *(ro,sync)
          /tftpboot *(ro,sync)

step3: configure dhcp server
    vim /etc/dhcpd.conf
    insert the below two lines after
   #ignore-client updates

    allow booting;
    allow bootp;
    insert the below two lines after
    range

    filename "pxelinux.0";
    next-server 192.168.0.254;

step4: install tftp rpm
    vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
    disable=no

step5: disable iptables and tcp wrappers

step6: cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /tftpboot

step7: cd /tftpboot
    mkdir pxelinux.cfg
    cd /var/ftp/pub/isolinux
    cp * /tftpboot
    cd /tftpboot
    mv isolinux.cfg /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default

step8: service portmap restart
    service nfs restart
            service vsftpd restart
            service network restart
            service dhcpd restart
            chkconfig tftp on
            chkconfig portmap on
            chkconfig nfs on
            chkconfig vsftpd on
            chkconfig network on
            chkconfig dhcpd on

User Permissions

2011-02-12T04:57:00.000-08:00

1.syntax: useradd username
eg: useradd bharat

2.syntax:ls -ld dirname
eg:ls -ld success

File permissions:

10 different attributes;
1-directory/file/link
2,3&4 - root permissions
5,6&7 - group permissions
8,9&10 - other permissions

permissions in terms of numbers:
4-read
2-write
1-execute

Example:
#chmod 766 success/
#chmod 777 success/
#chgrp -R bharat success
drwxrwxrwx 3 root bharat 4096 Feb 12 22:02 success/
#chown -R bharat success/
drwxrwxrwx 3 bharat bharat 4096 Feb 12 22:02 success/
#chmod u+x success/ - change mode as executable

Browsing File system

2011-02-12T04:51:00.000-08:00

1.copy - copying files
syntax:cp sourcefile destinationfile

2.rename -rename/move the files
i)syntax:mv sourcefile destinationfile (if the destination available it will be moved. Otherwise it will be renamed.)

3.create new files and manage nautilus
Applications-->system tools-->File browser

4.touch filename - command for creating dummy files / updating time stamp
5.cat filename - viewing the contents of a particular file
6.vim filname - editing the file.(saving esc+shift+:wq)
7.mkdir dir - creating a directory
8.cd dir -change directory
9.pwd :present working directory
10.cd - :previous working directory
11.cd :goto the home directory of the current user

12.Removing the file/directoy:
rmdir dirname - remove directory (if directory is empty)
rm -rf dirname - remove directory recursively (directory has some contents)

13.cd .. - going back the parent directory
14.syntax: file filename -for checking what type file the given is

Hardware configuration & Installation:I & II

2011-02-10T04:54:00.000-08:00

Hardware configuration & Installation:I

New hardware:
1. cdrom - automount/manual mount
2. pendrive    ""
3. printer
4. scanner

verification:
/dev/hdd on /media type iso9660 (ro)
#mount /dev/cdrom /media/ - linking/attaching
#umount /media/    - for unmounting/detaching.

mounting pendrive
#mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/

unmounting pendrive:
#umount /mnt/

Harddisk categories
1.sata & scsi sda,sdb,sdc,& sdd Primary master, primary slave, secondary master & secondary slave
2.IDE harddisk
hda,hdb,hdc & hdd - primary master, primary slave, secondary master & secondary slave
3.Virtual harddisk
vda,vdb,vdc,vdd - primary master, primary slave, secondary master & secondary slave

Kudzu
Kudzu is a service that is used to check and mount new hardware.(camera,scanner)
#whereis kudzu    - location of the command kudzu

files for checking new hardware
/etc/sysconfig/hwconf
/etc/modprobe.conf
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
/etc/X11/xorg.conf

kudzu
service kudzu status
service kudzu start
service kudzu stop
chkconfig kudzu on

Hardware configuration & Installation:II
1.mount the file system
2.mount ntfs file system
    i) read only mount
    11) read write mount
3.syntax of mount
#mount sourcepath mountpoint
eg: mount /dev/cdrom/ /mnt/

mount 192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub/ on /mnt type nfs (rw,addr=192.168.0.254
#fdisk -l |grep NTFS - for viewing ntfs file system only.

New Features in RHEL6

2011-02-09T01:42:00.000-08:00

1. ext4 file system is introduced.
2. xen is removed and kernel virtualization machine (KVM) is introduced.
3. neat command is removed.
4. portmap service is removed.
5. iscsi is introduced, which supports for SAN.
6. rpmbuild is available, which is used to create our own rpms.
7. File encyption is added.
8. palimpsest is available for disk management.
9. Virtual machine will run only on 64bit processors.
10. postfix service is recommended instead of sendmail service.

Wine works good in RHEL 5.3

2011-01-20T03:22:00.000-08:00

Search the below rpm and install it .(i.e., wine).
Step1: rpm -ivh wine-core-1.1.9-1.el5.test.i386.rpm

Step2: open the vlc-1.1.5-win32.exe via Wine Loader.

Step3: Play the desireable video or audio file.

Transmission Bit Torrent Client works good in RHEL 5.3

2011-01-19T04:35:00.000-08:00

Google the below rpm and download it carefully. Then install the rpm as shows below.
Step 1: rpm -ivh transmission-1.34-1.el5.i386.rpm
Step 2: Applications-->Internet-->Transmission BitTorrent Client

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.6 Now Available

2011-01-19T00:50:00.000-08:00

Highlights of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.6 include:

Hardware enablement
Virtualization improvements
Updated Domain Name Service (DNS) packages
Expanded PHP web application stack support
New printing capabilities
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 backports

Courtesy: http://www.redhat.com

MP3 Direct cut works good in Ubuntu 9.04

2010-07-14T03:58:00.000-07:00

MP3 direct cut utility works good with wine under Ubuntu 9.04
Step 1: apt-get update
Step 2: apt-get install wine
Step 3: open the mp3direct exe file via wine.

Then you will get the current screen shot. It works good.
Agility available with mp3.

Commands for installing VLC Player in Ubuntu 9.04, 9.10 and 10.04

2010-02-27T10:43:00.000-08:00

Command line way

You need to check that a "multiverse" mirror is listed in your /etc/apt/sources.list.

% sudo apt-get update
% sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-pulse mozilla-plugin-vlc

How to install Empathy in Ubuntu 9.04

2010-01-22T23:41:00.000-08:00

Empathy is the chat client which is developed and maintained by Ubuntu Brainstorm team. This is the first chat Linux client that used for video chat.

Steps to install Empathy in Ubuntu 9.04

Step 1:

First open terminal(Applications/Accessories/Terminal), add the public key from the developers:

sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com FA3A1271

Step 2: Then,edit /etc/apt/source.list

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

Step 3: Add these lines into the file that mentioned in step 2

deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/telepathy/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/telepathy/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

Step 4: Update and install:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install empathy

Reference: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/howto-setup-voice-chat-with-google-talk-user-using-empathy.html

What is kernel compilation in Linux & How can do in RHEL5

2010-01-15T12:31:00.000-08:00

What is kernel Compilation:

Linux is not a user friendly operating system, however it is more flexible than other operating systems. So you can tune the kernel to the desirable style for better performance to work with new hardware or network as well as new configurations with the existing hardware or network.

Kernel compilation has the following 8 steps to do:

1. Download the latest kernel from http://kernel.org

# cd /tmp
# wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-x.y.z.tar.bz2

2.Extract the compressed file into the specified directory It is usually /usr/src/

  # tar -xjvf linux-2.6.25.tar.bz2 -C /usr/src
  # cd /usr/src

3.Install gcc package through yum in RHEL5

# yum install gcc

You can use anyone of these commands for compiling the kernel in your desirable style

# make menuconfig - Text based color menus, radiolists & dialogs. This option also useful on remote server if you wanna compile kernel remotely.
# make xconfig - X windows (Qt) based configuration tool, works best under KDE desktop
# make gconfig - X windows (Gtk) based configuration tool, works best under Gnome Dekstop.

# make menuconfig

4.Compile kernel

Start compiling to create a compressed kernel image, enter:

# make

Start compiling to kernel modules:

#make modules

Install kernel modules (become a root user, use su command):

# make modules_install

# make install

5. Install kernel

It will install three files into /boot directory as well as modification to your kernel grub configuration file:

System.map-2.6.25
config-2.6.25
vmlinuz-2.6.25

6. Create on image

  # cd /boot
  # mkinitrd -o initrd.img-2.6.25 2.6.25

7. Modify Grub configuration file - /boot/grub/grub.conf

title           Redhat Enterprise Linux, kernel 2.6.25 Default
root            (hd0,0)
kernel          /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/hdb1 ro
initrd          /boot/initrd.img-2.6.25

The following are not commands in the file.These are steps in the kernel compilation.
savedefault
boot

8. Reboot the system and boot into your new kernel that you have compiled just now

# reboot

Ubuntu 10.04 is expected on the first quarter of 2010

2010-01-15T08:08:00.000-08:00

The free operating system Ubuntu's next version is expected to come on the mid of April 2010. The name of that version will be Lucid Lynx and It will be having Long Term support by Ubuntu.

Two major following technologies will be expected to implement in the upcoming Lucid Lynx.

1. Gnome 2

Ubuntu 10.04 will use Gnome 2.0 as its desktop environment, with the focus to shift to Gnome 3.0 thereafter. This means the Lucid Lynx won’t look very different from previous releases, which is a bit unexciting. But it also substantially simplifies the task of Ubuntu developers, who will have a longer period to prepare for the major changes that will accompany the adoption of Gnome 3.0. Overall, this is a wise choice.

Shuttleworth anticipates Gnome 3.0’s debut, which should happen with Ubuntu 10.10, to be especially beneficial to users of netbooks and similar devices. But for the time being, they’ll have to make do with the interfaces currently available.

2. Cloud Computing

The final major point of Shuttleworth’s speech is a continued emphasis on cloud computing, which has been at the forefront of Ubuntu server edition development since the 8.10 release. Although he didn’t explain specifically how 10.04 will improve upon the cloud infrastructure available in current versions, it’s clear that Canonical expects the cloud to become a cornerstone of Ubuntu’s future on the server.

Investment in the cloud, as I argued a couple weeks ago, is a wise choice. It will likely prove key to achieving the holy grail of a reliable revenue stream for Canonical, and may help redefine the way that Linux is deployed.

Features:
1. Updated packages

2. Gnome 2

Ubuntu Lucid Alpha 1 includes the latest GNOME desktop environment with a number of great new features.

3. Linux kernel 2.6.32

4. KDE SC 4.4 beta 1

5. Hal removal

Lucid Alpha 1 sports full removal of the hal package, making Ubuntu faster to boot and faster to resume from suspend.

For further info:

http://www.workswithu.com/2009/09/22/ubuntu-1004-a-closer-look/

http://www.workswithu.com/2009/09/20/atlanta-linux-fest-top-9-ubuntu-highlights/

Installing VLC Player in RHEL5 - R&D

2010-01-13T14:56:00.000-08:00

Installing VLC Player in RHEL5 is still a perpetual R&D for me. You can find packages once you get into the vlc player website. But that is not fruitful to install VLC into RHEL5, however you can download the packages that is for our personal and professional R&D.

Packages can be downloaded from the following link, however these have some dependencies.

http://www.videolan.org/vlc/download-redhat.html

So It is not the full solution to install the VLC Player in RHEL5. The problem persists, even if you go for Linux forums.

VLC developers has to provide a proper solution to fix this up.
Anyway try this following link out for your machine, it would be the good R&D in RHEL5.

http://dag.wieers.com/rpm/packages/vlc/

If not try the torrent link for downloadin VLC for Redhat Enterprise Linux.

http://www.picktorrent.com/torrents/28/vlc-player-of-red-hat/

FireStarter for Ubuntu Linux - a free professional firewall

2010-01-13T14:29:00.000-08:00

Fire starter is a small utility that is used for restricting the network in a pretty way. It can be installed easily with the following command

$ sudo apt-get install firestarter

It is having the customizable user interface, you can minimize into tray if you need, you can leave it normal otherwise.

Key Features

Suitable for use on desktops, servers and gateways
Enables Internet connection sharing
Allows you to define both inbound and outbound access policy
Wizard for easily configuring your firewall
Sets up DHCP for a local network
Real time firewall events view
View active network connections, including any traffic routed through the firewall

Normally, In professional flavour of Linux ie Redhat Enterprise Linux does not have this type of utility. You can achieve through commands that is used for fixing the firewall priority ie., High, Medium, No firewall.

But In Ubuntu you can fix it easily with simple mouse clicks. You can restrict the network through this utility. Blocking internal network packets as well as blocking external network packets.

You cannot access internet, if you block all packets. This is the good utility to maintain a good network in Ubuntu.

Firewall is the fitering mechanism in one or more network, that is used to handle the incoming and outgoing packets in general.

Redhat Enterprise Linux 5 & Acer 5315 - a perpetual R&D

2009-12-11T09:05:00.000-08:00

I installed Redhat Enterprise Linux 5 in my Acer 5315 laptop. But the GUI is not able to configured since the laptop screen is very large one, which is diagonally measured 15 inches. Then the Ethernet card is also not detected. So I cannot move further with this.

I installed Ubuntu 9.04 which works good with all the devices. I am able to use even the integrated camera also.

The GUI problem is related to the screen resolution that can be tolerable professional like me. But the network card detection problem is not normal. I can wake my Acer 5315 up, if the network card works good. Then I can go for further research.

I googled a lot on this query. But the the problem persists. Finally I came to that RHEL5 is not for Acer 5315, however I am still doing my R&D on this. Pour your valuable suggestions in this regard.

Boot RHEL from USB

2009-12-07T09:17:00.000-08:00

The following steps configure a USB pen drive as a boot medium to start the installation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Attach the USB pen drive to a system which is already running Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
Run

dmesg

From the dmesg output, identify the device name under which the drive is known to the system.
Sample messages for a 1 Gb flash disk being recognized as /dev/sdb:

Initializing USB Mass Storage driver... scsi2 : SCSI emulation for USB Mass Storage devices usb-storage: device found at 5 usb-storage: waiting for device to settle before scanning usbcore: registered new driver usb-storage USB Mass Storage support registered. Vendor: USB 2.0 Model: Flash Disk Rev: 5.00 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02 SCSI device sdb: 2043904 512-byte hdwr sectors (1046 MB) sdb: Write Protect is off sdb: Mode Sense: 0b 00 00 08 sdb: assuming drive cache: write through SCSI device sdb: 2043904 512-byte hdwr sectors (1046 MB) sdb: Write Protect is off sdb: Mode Sense: 0b 00 00 08 sdb: assuming drive cache: write through sdb: sdb1 sd 2:0:0:0: Attached scsi removable disk sdb sd 2:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0 usb-storage: device scan complete

Note: For the remainder of this article, we will assume this device name to be /dev/sdb. Make sure you adjust the device references in the following steps as per your local situation.
At this point, the flash drive is likely to have been automatically mounted by the system. Make sure the flash drive is unmounted. E.g. in nautilus, by right-clicking on the icon for the drive and selecting Unmount Volume.
Use fdisk to partition the flash drive as follows:
- There is a single partition.
- This partition is numbered as 1.
- Its partition type is set to 'b' (W95 FAT32).
- It is tagged as bootable.
Format the partition created in the previous step as FAT:

mkdos /dev/sdb1

Mount the partition:

mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt

Copy the contents of /RedHat/isolinux/ from the first installation CD/DVD onto the flash drive, i.e. to /mnt.
Note: the files isolinux.bin, boot.cat and TRANS.TBL are not needed and can thus be removed or deleted.
Rename the configuration file:

cd /mnt/; mv isolinux.cfg syslinux.cfg

Copy the installer's initial RAM disk /RedHat/images/pxeboot/initrd.img from the first installation CD/DVD onto the flash drive, i.e. to /mnt.
Optional step: To configure any boot settings, edit the syslinux.cfg on the USB flash drive. For example to configure the installation to use a kickstart file shared over NFS, specify the following:

linux ks=nfs:://ks.cfg

Unmount the flash drive:

umount /dev/sdb1

Make the USB flash drive bootable. The flash drive must be unmounted for this to work properly.

syslinux /dev/sdb1

Mount the flash drive again:

mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt

Install GRUB on the USB flash drive:

grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sdb1

Verify that the USB flash drive has a /boot/grub directory. If it does not, create the directory manually.
cd /mnt
mkdir -p /boot/grub
Create the grub.conf file. Below is a sample grub.conf:
default=0
timeout=5
root (hd1,0)
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux installer
kernel /vmlinuz
initrd /initrd.img
Copy or confirm the created grub.conf file is on the /boot/grub/ directory of the USB flash drive.
Unmount the flash drive:

umount /dev/sdb1

At this point, the USB disk should be bootable.
Attach the USB disk to the system you wish to install Red Hat Enterprise Linux on.
Boot from the USB disk. Refer to the hardware vendor's BIOS documentation for details on changing the order in which devices are checked for booting from.
Once you are booted in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux installer, continue with your network installation of your choice.

---------
Courtesy: Redhat.com
Reference: http://kbase.redhat.com/faq/docs/DOC-10553

Ubuntu / Google has to fix up Gtalk voice chat issue

2009-12-07T06:05:00.000-08:00

There is no proper voice chat available in all Linux flavours generally except IBM Sametime. The search engines' giant Google's Gtalk is also having the issue still with all Linux flavours.

Ubuntu bots and Google lovers eagerly waited for the solution. But still the issue persists with the recent Ubuntu 9.10 also.

This issue has to be set right by Google only not by Ubuntu 9.10 However, Ubuntu has to pour some suggestions, which provides the solution to Google Gtalk team.

The thing has to happened correctly. But when waiting for Ubuntu bots and Google lovers valuable suggestions...

Ubuntu 9.10 available

2009-11-17T11:29:00.000-08:00

Ubuntu 9.10 is available in the official Ubuntu website now.

Salient points:

1. Upgrade is recommended.
As per the Ubuntu community up-gradation is advisable. Refer it up for up-gradation: http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/upgrading

2. New features
Refer http://www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/910features for getting new features of the latest Ubuntu.

3. Download link: http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu

A new presentation on Ubuntu

2009-09-20T15:58:00.000-07:00

This is new presentation on Ubuntu with various screenshots.

http://pnaprasanna.blog.co.in/files/2009/09/present.pdf

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 launched

2009-09-05T23:21:00.000-07:00

The newer version of RHEL (RHEL5.4) is launched, which can be updated easily by using yum command.

The steps to update RHEL5.3 to RHEL5.4:

# uname -a
# yum update

Reboot the server:

# reboot

Check the working status:

# uname -a
# netstat -tulpn
# tail -f /var/log/messages

Features:

The new version includes the kernel-based virtual machine (KVM) virtualization, next generation of developer features and tools including GCC 4.4, a new malloc(). Also included clustered, high-availability filesystem to support Microsoft Windows storage needs on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

The official Redhat Enterprise Linux 5.4 white paper:

http://pnaprasanna.blog.co.in/files/2009/09/rh_rhel_5p4.pdf

Ubuntu Promises

2009-09-05T13:33:00.000-07:00

1. Ubuntu will be free forever even Enterprise editions also.

2. It requires 4 GB Harddisk space and 256MB minimum RAM, However, the diskspace is not sufficient if more number of software are installed in the / partition.

3. Ubuntu CD can be ordered for free of cost as well as free to download.

4. All updates for Ubuntu is free.

Convert wine theme into Human clear theme in Ubuntu 9.04

2009-09-03T00:38:00.000-07:00

Observe these following lines for changing the theme.

[Control Panel\\Colors]
"ActiveBorder"="239 235 231"
"ActiveTitle"="210 141 70"
"AppWorkSpace"="177 170 163"
"Background"="0 0 0"
"ButtonAlternateFace"="181 181 181"
"ButtonDkShadow"="115 106 96"
"ButtonFace"="239 235 231"
"ButtonHilight"="253 250 248"
"ButtonLight"="239 235 231"
"ButtonShadow"="179 175 171"
"ButtonText"="0 0 0"
"GrayText"="179 175 171"
"Hilight"="248 206 140"
"HilightText"="0 0 0"
"InactiveBorder"="239 235 231"
"InactiveTitle"="239 235 231"
"InactiveTitleText"="60 60 59"
"InfoText"="0 0 0"
"InfoWindow"="239 235 231"
"Menu"="239 235 231"
"MenuBar"="239 235 231"
"MenuHilight"="248 245 242"
"MenuText"="0 0 0"
"Scrollbar"="203 193 183"
"TitleText"="255 255 255"
"Window"="255 255 255"
"WindowFrame"="0 0 0"
"WindowText"="0 0 0"

1. Go to the home directory of the specified user.
2. Copy the above lines into the file vi .wine/user.reg
3. Then view the wine window. It will be in a new Ubuntu theme, which is the default of the Ubuntu 9.04.

Picasa in Ubuntu 9.04

2009-08-31T16:33:00.000-07:00

If you have a Picasa window open, or you have the Picasa icon in your toolbar, please close them before installing a new version.

If you're using a recent version of Linux, you should be able to pick "Open With Default Application" or double-click on the downloaded .deb file to install.

If that doesn't work, save the file in the /tmp directory, then open a terminal window and install with a command like

$ sudo dpkg -i /tmp/picasa_2.7.3736-15_i386.deb

$ su
# dpkg -i /tmp/picasa_2.7.3736-15_i386.deb
# exit

Starting Picasa

Start Picasa by looking in your Linux distribution's Graphics menu. If you can't find it there, give the command /usr/bin/picasa in a terminal window.

Tips

This package is only for 32-bit Debian / Ubuntu systems. If you are using 64-bit Debian / Ubuntu, please install the 64-bit .deb package.
If you use NFS, when Picasa first starts, click File / Add Folder. Unselect your NFS shares from the watched list. Otherwise Picasa can get bogged down scanning all your network directories!
To get Picasa to see pictures on your hard drive, click "File / Add Folder" (NOT "Import").
When adding a folder to Picasa, the default action is to remove the folder from Picasa. You have to actively choose Scan once or Scan always.
Picasa is not supported over remote X connections.

Wow, Picasa found all my photos!

When you start Picasa, it instantly goes to work, organizing all the pictures on your hard drive by date in the "Folders on Disk" collection. If Picasa finds folders you don't want, go into File > Add Folder to tell it which folders to scan once, scan always or remove. To remove individual pictures from your library, simply select a photo and right-click to delete it permanently from your computer or hide it from Picasa.

Courtesy: Google

Necessary commands for going with Ubuntu 9.04 smoothly like Windows

2009-08-29T08:41:00.000-07:00

I used to run these following commands after installing Ubuntu 9.04 for running important stuff.

1. sudo apt-get update to update all packages with the current patches, which are indispensable for security issues.

2. sudo apt-get install firestarter for installing the GUI firewall that helps to share the existing Internet connection to the other network as well as filtering

3. sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-esd mozilla-plugin-vlc is used to install VLC player for entertainment.

4. sudo wget http://media.codeweavers.com/pub/crossover/chromium/cxchromium_0.9.0-1_i386.deb for installing Google Chrome browser in Ubuntu 9.04.

5. sudo apt-get install wine to install wine software that is used for running windows applications in Ubuntu 9.04.

6. sudo passwd root to reset the password of root user in Ubuntu 9.04.

7. sudo apt-get install usb-imagewriter to install software for writing into the USB stick.

Install these plug-ins also for going smooth browsing with Ubuntu 9.04

1. Install flash plug-in for firefox then run youtube.com

2. Install Java plug-in for firefox then run lakecards.com

Sites can refer for Ubuntu utils:

1. http://www.getdeb.net

2. http://www.stchman.com/tools_page.html

3. http://samanathon.com/how-to-install-microsoft-office-2007-in-ubuntu-804/
for installing Microsoft Office 2007 in Ubuntu

Additional Packages

1. Ubuntu Tweak for new tips and tricks.

2. http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Linux_Downloads for installing virtual box to run virtual machines in Ubuntu 9.04

3. apt-get install virtualbox-3.0 to install virtual box in Ubuntu 9.04

4. apt-get install firefox-3.5 for install the latest firefox in Ubuntu 9.04

5. apt-get install unrar-free to install winrar in Ubuntu 9.04

Ubuntu 9.04 has to be fixed these issues in future at least ?

2009-08-05T16:25:00.000-07:00

I have been using Ubuntu 9.04 but not from the very beginning of its launch. But these limitations are found with in couple of weeks that I had been through.

1. Gtalk widget is not supporting for voice chat eventhough the webcam is working good with other interfaces. This is experimented with other chat clients and web interfaces also. (instances,meebo.com,Pidgin Instant messenger) But still the issue persists. The message This OS is not supported for Voice chat might have been noticed by Ubuntu as well as Gtalk lovers. Some Ubuntu forums bragging that Gtalk can be voiced and viewed with Ubuntu 9.04. Refer it up if possible (http://www.ubuntugeek.com/howto-setup-voice-chat-with-google-talk-user-using-empathy.html)

2. Only 4GB and 256MB is enough for using Ubuntu 9.04. though this is mentioned by Ubuntu, once in 11 hours the OS has to be restarted by manually to rectify the slow process, for instance, in case of torrent download is going on in the Internet. The famous Transmission client is also getting the same issue. It would be fixed if 6GB alloated for / partition, I suppose.

3. Eventhough the beta version of Chrome is working good in Ubuntu 9.04, the plugins for Java and flash have not been launched sofar. Eventhough this issue is closely coupled with Google, Ubuntu has to be taken care of.

Wine for Ubuntu and Ubuntu derivatives

2009-07-26T17:21:00.000-07:00

Wine for Ubuntu and Ubuntu derivatives

Ubuntu and other Debian-based distributions utilize a special tool for managing packages known as APT. APT is able to automagically install all of the needed dependencies for a software package, as well as keep the package up to date, by scanning what are known as APT repositories. Ubuntu has its own repository of software that includes Wine, however we keep our own repository of the latest available beta packages here for download.

Warning: These are beta packages

The packages here are beta packages. This means they will periodically suffer from regressions, and as a result an update may break functionality in Wine. If the latest stable release of Wine (currently Wine 1.0.1) works for you, then you may not want to use these beta packages.

Adding the WineHQ APT Repository:

Open the Software Sources menu by going to System->Administration->Software Sources. Then select the Third Party Software tab and click Add.

Administration->Software Sources->Third Party Software" width="531" border="0" height="509">

Then, copy and paste one of the lines below depending on which version you are running.

For Ubuntu Jaunty (9.04):
deb http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt jaunty main #WineHQ - Ubuntu 9.04 "Jaunty Jackalope"

For Ubuntu Intrepid (8.10):
deb http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt intrepid main #WineHQ - Ubuntu 8.10 "Intrepid Ibex"

For Ubuntu Hardy (8.04):
deb http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt hardy main #WineHQ - Ubuntu 8.04 "Hardy Heron"

Trusting the WineHQ APT Repository and installing Wine:

After adding the repository, you also need to add the key for the repository to your system's list of trusted keys.

Download and save Scott Ritchie's key (right click -> save as) to your desktop. Then open the Authentication tab, click import key file, and select the key file you just saved (Scott Ritchie.gpg). It is safe to delete this file after doing this step.

Administration->Software Sources->Authentication" width="531" border="0" height="509">

Click close to finish, and then reload the package information when prompted. If you have Wine installed, the system's update manager will now inform you of the latest Wine beta release and prompt you to upgrade. If you haven't installed Wine yet, go to Applications->Add/Remove and search for Wine or just click this link.

Upgrading to a new version of Ubuntu

If you are upgrading the entire system, such as going from Ubuntu 8.04 to 8.10, you will need to come back to this page and add the repository for the new version above. The built in update manager will not switch the Wine repository automatically.

Older .deb packages

Since the APT repository can only hold the latest packages, older versions of the packages are available at the WineHQ .deb packages archive.

You can install downloaded packages by double-clicking on them.

Alternative command Line Instructions for Installing Wine:

It is also possible to add the Wine repositories and install via the command line, as follows. These may be useful on Kubuntu, Xubuntu, and other Ubuntu derivatives.

First, open a terminal window (Applications->Accessories->Terminal). Then add the repository's key to your system's list of trusted APT keys by copy and pasting the following into your terminal:

wget -q http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/387EE263.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -

Next, add the repository to your system's list of APT sources:

For Ubuntu Jaunty (9.04):
sudo wget http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/sources.list.d/jaunty.list -O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/winehq.list

For Ubuntu Intrepid (8.10):
sudo wget http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/sources.list.d/intrepid.list -O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/winehq.list

For Ubuntu Hardy (8.04):
sudo wget http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/sources.list.d/hardy.list -O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/winehq.list

Then update APT's package information by running 'sudo apt-get update'. You can now install Wine normally or by typing 'sudo apt-get install wine' into the terminal.

Google's Chorme Browser works good in Ubuntu 9.04 - Installation Procedure

2009-07-26T17:10:00.000-07:00

First you need to download .deb package from here using the following command

wget http://media.codeweavers.com/pub/crossover/chromium/cxchromium_0.9.0-1_i386.deb

Now you have cxchromium_0.9.0-1_i386.deb package install this package using the following command

sudo dpkg -i cxchromium_0.9.0-1_i386.deb

Using Ubuntu PPA

First you need edit /etc/apt/sources.list file

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

Add the following two lines

deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/chromium-daily/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/chromium-daily/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

save and exit the file

Now add the GPG key using the following command

sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 0xfbef0d696de1c72ba5a835fe5a9bf3bb4e5e17b5

Update source list

sudo apt-get update

Install chromium browser using the following command

sudo apt-get install chromium-browser

This will complete the installation

If you want to open chromium go to Applications->CrossOver Chromium->Chromium

Chromium web browser in action

Ubuntu 9.04 which is upgraded from 8.10 is working good in Lenovo 3000 G430

2009-07-26T16:53:00.000-07:00

Lenovo 3000 G430 is recently upgraded from Ubuntu 8.10 to 9.04 for test basis in one fine Saturday. It really works good and of course the for accessing webcamera the VLC Player is used in that specified one.

The touchpad is not working good. Then the USB mouse is added for easy handling the objects in the version.

The following command has to be supplied for get to know the version of Ubuntu linux.

arivu@arivu-laptop:~$ sudo lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 9.04
Release: 9.04
Codename: jaunty

Ubuntu 9.04 which is upgraded from 8.10 works good in Acer 5315

2009-07-26T16:31:00.000-07:00

Ubuntu 9.04 works good which is upgraded from Ubuntu 8.10 in Acer 5315 that contains all devices including touchpad, wireless and webcamera.

Ubuntu 8.10 is recently upgraded to Ubuntu 9.04 in my Acer 5315 laptop. It took 6 hours time to reach the final configuration. It supports all devices which are inbuilt in the machine.

Wireless works good:
The wireless is also working good but the light is not buring. The important point of this version is also not supported the integrated web camera. But I achieved in a round about way that is used through VLC Player which is designed for accessing integrated devices also.

The steps for illustration are as follows:

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-esd mozilla-plugin-vlc

simple to do then the new item will be added into the following menu list

Applications->Sound & Video->VLC Player

that can be used for accessing webcamara as well as TV tuner cards.

Be sure that you have all updates applied to Ubuntu 8.10 before you upgrade

Procedure to follow to upgrade Ubuntu 8.10 to Ubuntu 9.04:

To upgrade from Ubuntu 8.10, press Alt+F2 and type in “update-manager -d” (without the quotes) into the command box.

Update Manager should open up and tell you: New distribution release ‘9.04′ is available. Click Upgrade

This will show you Ubuntu 9.04 Jaunty Jackalope Release notes click on upgrade

Downloading Upgrade tool in progress

Preparing for upgrade in progress

If you are using any third party sources in your /etc/apt/sources.list file it will be disabled at the time of upgrade process click close

Setting new software channels in progress

Starting the upgrade process window click on Start Upgrade

Downloading the new Packages in Progress

Installing Packages in Progress

Installing Packages Progress in Terminal

Automatic crash reports configuration file replacement option click on Replace

Cleaning Up process in Progress

Remove obsolete packages window click on remove

You need to restart the system to complete the Upgrade by clicking “Restart Now”

Courtesy: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/

Ubuntu Ultimate Edition

2009-07-16T22:06:00.000-07:00

The customized edition of Ubuntu is available in torrent which can be downloaded from this link.

http://www.torrentreactor.net/find/ubuntu-ultimate-2

This version is the customized version of Ubuntu 8.10 edition which contains the following features.

Customized based on Desktop Environment (KDE, GNOME, XFCE, etc.)
Customized based on country/language/religion
Customized with extra applications/drivers/multimedia codecs
Customized for a specific purpose (scientific, forensic, academic, etc.)

Five major features of Redhat 5.3 - 64 bit;- Torrents available

2009-07-13T16:05:00.001-07:00

The recent edition of Redhat5.3 64 bit edition is available in Torrent site freely which is having the original key and free online support.

Five major features of RHEL 5.3

1. ext4 file system support

2. 730 bugs fixed after RHEL 5

3. ALSA Support for new hardware also

4. Included enhanced lot of server RPMS.

5. Latest Kernel kernel-2.6.18-128.el5.src.rpm

There are plenty of special features included in RHEL5.3. The link following leads to go over there.

https://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2009-0225.html

Refer the following link for download it

http://thepiratebay.org/tag/rhel+redhat+64bit+x64+5.3

Microsoft really scared about Ubuntu 9.0.4 - Ten reasons

2009-07-12T17:14:00.000-07:00

The following ten reasons are made to get scared Microsoft about Ubuntu 9.0.4

1. It is launched three different colors (Desktop, Server and Netbook)

2. It supports ext4. Even Redhat people are doing research in ext4 to implement in that. But Ubuntu 9.0.4 did it

3. It supports ntfs file system in a fastest manner.

4. It is user friendly like Microsoft Windows.

5. It boots 21.3 seconds in normal systems.

6. 4 GB Disk space and 256 MB Ram is sufficient to run this effectively.

7. Online updation and upgradations are available.

8. VLC Player support which is used to play almost anyfile format can be updated easily through internet with this.

9. Wine can be installed for accessing MS-Office and other exe formats.

10. It can be installed by using 1GB USB stick memory with 384 RAM in atom processors which netbooks won't have DVD drives usually.

Ubuntu 9.0.4 64 bit edition works good

2009-07-12T16:54:00.000-07:00

Recently I downloaded Ubuntu 9.04-64 bit edition from the torrent site. It really works good. I want to share the torrent link with you. If you install this in ext4 format, It will be faster than the operating system that is installed by ext3 format file system. It boots in 21.3 seconds approaxmately as per the latest Ubuntu forum which sounds great now. It will be able to handle fastly files which is upto 16 terabytes.

Find the link & download the latest edtion with 64 bit of Ubuntu.

http://www.ubuntu.com/GetUbuntu/downloadmirrors#bt

Converting ext3 to ext4

2009-07-12T16:49:00.000-07:00

It is possible to mount both ext3 (and ext2, in kernels 2.6.28 and later) filesystems directly using the ext4 filesystem driver. This will allow you to use many of the in-core performance enhancements such as delayed allocation (delalloc) and multi-block allocation (mballoc), and large inodes if your ext3 filesystem have been formatted with large inodes as is the default with newer versions of e2fsprogs. Simply mounting an ext3 (or ext2) filesystem with a modern (2.6.27+) version of ext4 will not change the on-disk structures, and it is possible to revert to the ext3 (or ext2) driver should there be any problem with ext4. If you plan to use the ext4 driver to boot from an ext2/3 partition, and you compile your kernel without the ext2/3 drivers, you may need to add rootfstype=ext4 to the kernel command line.

In addition to the in-core performance enhancements, there are additional features which modify the on-disk format from what ext3 understands, such as extents, which can significantly improve the ext4 filesystem performance, but mean the filesystem cannot be mounted by kernels that do not support ext4. There are additional ext4 features, such as flex_bg and > 16TB filesystem support that can only be enabled at format time via mke2fs.

To change an ext2 filesystem (should you still have one) to ext3 (enabling the journal feature), use the command:

# tune2fs -j /dev/DEV

To enable the ext4 features on an existing ext3 filesystem, use the command:

# tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/DEV

WARNING: Once you run this command, the filesystem will no longer be mountable using the ext3 filesystem!

After running this command, you MUST run fsck to fix up some on-disk structures that tune2fs has modified:

# e2fsck -fpDC0 /dev/DEV

Notes:

by enabling the extents feature new files will be created in extents format, but this will not convert existing files to use extents. Non-extent files can be transparently read and written by Ext4.
If you convert your root filesystem ("/") to ext4, and you use the GRUB boot loader, you will need to install a version of GRUB which understands ext4. Your system may boot OK the first time, but when your kernel is upgraded, it will become unbootable.
WARNING: It is NOT recommended to resize the inodes using resize2fs with e2fsprogs 1.41.0 or later, as this is known to corrupt some filesystems.

Courtesy: wiki

Ubuntu 9.0.4 Supports Ext4 file system

2009-07-12T16:37:00.000-07:00

Ubuntu is really doing good in the matter of launching new ideas very soon in implementation. They implemented ext4 file system in the latest operating system Ubuntu 9.0.4. Recently the Fedora live CD is launched for its latest edition. But it really has Ubuntu in the backend. So the system engineers are really thought that there will be only three operating systems which will be expecting to occupying the desktops and netbooks (laptops) in the future. Those will be as follows:

1. Windows

2. Ubuntu

3. Chorme (the upcoming Operating System which is going to be launched by Google)

Ubuntu 9.04 is launched

2009-04-24T11:56:00.000-07:00

This time three different versions has been launched by Ubuntu. (i.e., Ubuntu 9.0.4)

1. Desktop Edition

2. Netbook Remix Edition - for small screen netbooks

3. Server Edition

Requirements for Desktop Edition:

A blank CD and the ability to “burn” blank CDs
A modern Intel or AMD compatible computer
At least 256MB of RAM

Bare Minimum requirements

It should be possible to get Ubuntu running on a system with the following minimum hardware specification, although it is unlikely that the system would run well. You should use the Alternate install CD to attempt such an installation.

300 MHz x86 processor
64 MB of system memory (RAM)
At least 4 GB of disk space (for full installation and swap space)
VGA graphics card capable of 640x480 resolution
CD-ROM drive or network card

Recommended minimum requirements

Ubuntu should run reasonably well on a computer with the following minimum hardware specification. However, features such as visual effects may not run smoothly.

700 MHz x86 processor
384 MB of system memory (RAM)
8 GB of disk space
Graphics card capable of 1024x768 resolution
Sound card
A network or Internet connection

Note: All 64-bit (x86-64) PCs should be able to run Ubuntu. Use the 64-bit installation CD for a 64-bit-optimised installation.

Recommended for visual effects

Visual effects provide various special graphical effects for your desktop to make it look and feel more fun and easier to use. If your computer is not powerful enough to run visual effects, you can turn them off and will still have a usable Ubuntu desktop.

Visual effects are turned on by default if you have a graphics card which is supported. For information on supported graphics cards.

1.2 GHz x86 processor
384 MB of system memory (RAM)
Supported graphics card

Netbook remix Edition Requirements:

Before writing your flash, it is highly recommended that you verify the md5 sum (hash) of the .img file. For instructions, please seeHowToMD5SUM. For the current list of Official Ubuntu MD5 hashes, see the MD5SUMS file for the release you're using underhttp://releases.ubuntu.com (and optionally the PGP signatures in the MD5SUMS.gpg file), or see UbuntuHashes. This ensures that the file was not damaged during the download process and is 100% intact.

Windows

Graphical Interface

Download the desired .img file
Download Disk Imager from https://launchpad.net/win32-image-writer/+download
Insert your flash media
Note the drive letter assigned to your flash media
Start Disk Imager
Select the downloaded file and target device, and click "Write"
Remove your flash media when the operation is complete

Command Line Interface

Download the desired .img file
Download flashnul from http://shounen.ru/soft/flashnul
Attach your USB drive
Run flashnul -p
Note the physical device number for the USB drive
Run flashnul -L \path\to\downloaded.img
Answer "yes" if the selected destination device is correct
Remove your USB drive when the command completes

Ubuntu

Graphical Interface

Download the desired .img file
Install the usb-imagewriter package
- If your release does not include this, download it from Oliver's PPA
Open Applications -> Accessories -> Image Writer
Insert your flash media
Select the downloaded file and flash device, and click "Write to Device"
Remove your device when the operation is complete

Command Line Interface

Download the desired .img file
Open a terminal and insert your flash media
Look at the output of dmesg | tail -20 to determine the device node assigned to your flash media (e.g. /dev/sdb)
Run sudo umount /dev/device/node
Run sudo dd if=/path/to/downloaded.img of=/dev/device/node bs=1M
Remove your flash media when the command completes

Mac OS X

Command Line Interface

Download the desired .img file
Open a Terminal (under Utilities)
Run `diskutil list` to get the current list of devices
Insert your flash media
Run `diskutil list` again and determine the device node assigned to your flash media (e.g. /dev/disk2)
Run `diskutil unmountDisk /dev/device/node`
Execute `sudo dd if=/path/to/downloaded.img of=/dev/device/node bs=1m`
Remove your flash media when the command completes

Server Edition Requirements:

Bare Minimum requirements
It should be possible to get Ubuntu running on a system with the following minimum hardware specification, although it is unlikely that the system would run well. You should use the Alternate install CD to attempt such an installation.
300 MHz x86 processor
64 MB of system memory (RAM)
At least 4 GB of disk space (for full installation and swap space)
VGA graphics card capable of 640x480 resolution
CD-ROM drive or network card
Recommended minimum requirements
Ubuntu should run reasonably well on a computer with the following minimum hardware specification. However, features such as visual effects may not run smoothly.
700 MHz x86 processor
384 MB of system memory (RAM)
8 GB of disk space
Graphics card capable of 1024x768 resolution
Sound card
A network or Internet connection
Note: All 64-bit (x86-64) PCs should be able to run Ubuntu. Use the 64-bit installation CD for a 64-bit-optimised installation.
Recommended for visual effects
Visual effects provide various special graphical effects for your desktop to make it look and feel more fun and easier to use. If your computer is not powerful enough to run visual effects, you can turn them off and will still have a usable Ubuntu desktop.
Visual effects are turned on by default if you have a graphics card which is supported. For information on supported graphics cards.
1.2 GHz x86 processor
384 MB of system memory (RAM)
Supported graphics card

Bug in RHEL5

2009-04-15T13:27:00.000-07:00

Consider the scenario:

1. You configure the PXE installation server in Redhat Enterprise Linux 5, which includes DHCP server, DNS server (Purely optional), TFTP server, NFS server and other package dependancy services (like xinetd) in one machine. Remember that you have to copy the entire DVD to the NFS location which is usually /var/ftp/pub.

2. Disable the IPtables (for newbies) or Post some specified IP Table rules which provides access for the port number 69 (tftp) (for advanced users), check in the client machine for installation.

3. Then Configure YUM server with the same /var/ftp/pub path, which has to use the same set of rpms.

4. You will get the bug, when you again use the installation server. It means that you can not use the same installation server path for YUM server.

It is the bug in RHEL5.

Unix ToolBox Recommended for Sys Admins

2009-04-03T13:04:00.000-07:00

You can visit http://cb.vu site, if you want to run some basic commands in bash shell. It is really working in Java Scripts. But the end-user may thing those are real bash shell. Colin Barschel maintains this site. It is having all Linux, Free BSD commands which is popularly known as Unix Tool Box recommended for System Administrators or/and Network Administrators.

He compiled some fun games like snake, matrix also in this site. I hope you will enjoy this like me.

Colin Barschel has given ssh also. But it requires Java's recent plug-in.

You can download the latest Unix ToolBox html or pdf version from this site. Try it out and pour your comments on LinuxOcean.

Free Ubuntu & Debian Packages

2009-03-30T13:08:00.001-07:00

Free packages for Debian and Ubuntu are available and can be downloaded at http://getdeb.net, however the packages required the Debian or Ubuntu repositories which pours the package integrity to solve the package dependencies.

The small tools (not only in size but also in usage) can be downloaded and installed easily with out any repositories.

RHEL5 Python script bug can be resolved in a round about way

2009-03-30T12:55:00.000-07:00

You might have experienced on this bug, if you have configured installation server and yum server in the same machine with the same path (i.e., /var/ftp/pub).

Let us discuss the scenario in detail to solve this out.

1. Create / for 10GB, so you can create yum server by using ftp service with the default path specified /var/ftp/pub.

2. Copy all rpm content from DVD/CDs to some other path /rhel5/rpms (say).

3. Configure nfs server for the specified path /rhel5/rpms

4. Restart the specified services.

5. Use /var/ftp/pub path whenever yum server needs to be used.

6. Use /rhel5/rpms path whenever installation server is required.

Note: It is obvious that the pure replica of all rpms is indespensable in this case to solve this python bug in round about way. There is no alternate solution to fix this up.

Ubuntu 9.04 is available in Torrents

2009-03-30T12:24:00.000-07:00

The following links are used to download the torrents for Ubuntu9.04 beta Torrents for free. Try it out.

http://isohunt.com/download/72885781/ubuntu.torrent

http://isohunt.com/download/72885769/ubuntu.torrent

http://isohunt.com/download/72885785/ubuntu.torrent

Features of Ubuntu 9.04

2009-03-30T12:22:00.000-07:00

Linux kernel 2.6.28

Ubuntu 9.04 Beta includes the 2.6.28-11.37 kernel based on 2.6.28.8.

Ext4 filesystem support

Ubuntu 9.04 Beta supports the option of installing the new ext4 file system. ext3 will remain the default filesystem for Jaunty, and we will consider ext4 as the default for the next release based on user feedback. There has been extensive discussion about the reliability of applications running on ext4 in the face of sudden system outages. Applications that use the conventional approach of writing data to a temporary file and renaming it to its final location will have their reliability expectations met in Ubuntu 9.04 beta; further discussion is ongoing in the kernel community.

Ext4 support in GRUB was provided by Colin King. If you choose to upgrade your / or /boot filesystem in place from ext2 or ext3 to ext4 (as documented on the ext4 wiki), then you must also use the grub-install command after upgrading to Ubuntu 9.04 Beta to reinstall your boot loader. If you do not do this, then the version of GRUB installed in your boot sector will not be able to read the kernel from the ext4 filesystem and your system will fail to boot.

Ext4 support in gparted has been provided by Curtis Gedak.

Cloud computing

Ubuntu 9.04 Server Edition makes it easy to experiment with cloud computing. Eucalyptus, an open source technology which is included in Ubuntu as a technology preview, enables you to use your own servers to deploy, experiment and test your own private cloud that matches the Amazon EC2 API. You can dynamically create virtual machines, configure multiple clusters into a single Cloud and even provide an EBS (elastic block storage) equivalent and an S3 compatible storage manager.

Turn-key mail servers

The dovecot-postfix package in Ubuntu 9.04 Beta provides an easy-to-deploy mail server stack, with support for SMTP, POP3, and IMAP with TLS and SASL.

dovecot-postfix was packaged by Ante Karamatić.

Ubuntu 9.04 is going to be launched on April 23 of 2009

2009-03-30T12:14:00.000-07:00

The Ubuntu developers are moving quickly to bring you the latest and greatest software the Open Source Community has to offer. This is the Ubuntu 9.04 beta release, which brings a host of excellent new features.

Note: This is a beta release. Do not install it on production machines. The final stable version will be released on April 23rd, 2009.

Beta versions are available now.

Get it while it's hot. ISOs and torrents are available at:

http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/9.04/ (Ubuntu Desktop and Server)
http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/edubuntu/9.04/ (Ubuntu Education Edition)
http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/kubuntu/9.04/ (Kubuntu)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/9.04/beta/ (Ubuntu Netbook Remix and Ubuntu MID)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/xubuntu/releases/9.04/beta/(Xubuntu)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntustudio/releases/9.04/beta/ (UbuntuStudio)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/mythbuntu/releases/9.04/beta/ (Mythbuntu)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/netboot/9.04/beta/ (Ubuntu ARM)
Aware of upgradation:
Always aware of upgrading to any Ubuntu versions from the previous version. Because they will launch the patches for wifi and other special device drivers after the launch of a month of the particular version. Sometimes your wifi device may not work properly, if you upgrade to the latest beta version of Ubuntu.

Have you ever seen the calendar for September 1752 in Unix/Linux ???

2009-03-18T04:27:00.000-07:00

Type the following command in Unix shell. Of course, you can use it in $prompt or #prompt.

cal 9 1752

Surprised ???? That's the beauty lies in UNIX.
Explanation:

Isn't the output queer? A month with whole of eleven days missing. This was the time England shifted from Roman Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar, and the king of England ordered those 11 days to be wiped off the face of the month of September of 1752. (What couldn't a King do in those days?!) And yes, the workers worked for 11 days less, but got paid for the entire 30 days. And that's how "Paid Leave" was born. Hail the King!!!

Tips & Tricks

2009-03-15T23:42:00.000-07:00

1.Split the files

The following is an example of how to use the split command on a 600MB image.iso file:

# split -b 200m image.iso

It will generate three files, namely xaa,xab and xac of 200MB each. Afterwards you can use the cat command to combine the three to get back the original file, as follows

# cat xa* > newimage.iso

2. Prevent users from changing their passwords

You should have the root previliages to change this permission. Once you change this one users will not be able to change their passwords.

# chmod 511 /usr/bin/passwd

3. Crontab Example

first asterisk to enter the day of week 0-6, where 0 is Sunday. You can enter the month(1-12)in place of the second asterisk. Replace the third asterisk with the day of month (1-31). The fourth one is for the hour(0-23),while the fifth one is to enter the minutes(0-59).

For example, if you need to run a script daily at 5:30pm, then the entry will as shown below:

30 17 * * * sh /home/myuser/scripttorun.sh >/dev/null 2>&1

If the last part “>/dev/null 2>&1” is omitted, then by default, cron will send an e-mail to the user account after executing the cronjob.

4. How to use the swap as a file?

To make a swap file of 1GB, multiply 1024MB and 1024 to get a block size. Now at a shell prompt as the root user, type the following command with the count being equal to the desired block size:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=1048576

Now set up the swap file:

mkswap /swapfile

Enable the swap file after create it by using the following command:

swapon /swapfile

Add the following entry in the /etc/fstab file to make the system activate this file as swap while booting the system:

/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0

Acer 5315 wireless works good - an alternate method

2009-03-13T23:46:00.000-07:00

The method of how to make work the wireless in Acer 5315 is already written.

But if you do online upgrade with the additional latest patches, It will not work again.

It is really funny that with the ubuntu 8.10.

However, you have an alternate method to make work the wireless properly which follows below.

1. Download the latest patch of madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-current.tar.gz from the internet.

This can be downloaded from this site http://snapshots.madwifi-project.org/

 It is obvious to use the following alternate command in the $ prompt

 $ sudo wget http://snapshots.madwifi-project.org/madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-current.tar.gz

2. Untar (unzip) the newly downloaded file:

 $ tar xvf madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-current.tar.gz

3. Go into the newly created directory:

 $ cd madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-r3879-20081204

4. Then compile the package:

 $ make

5. The install the package:

 $ sudo make install

6. Then load the newly created module:

 $ sudo modprobe ath_pci You can use the following alternate method also.

In the terminal type “sudo gedit /etc/modules”(without quotes) and add “ath_pci”(again without quotes)

to the bottom of the list if you don’t have anything in the list just add it to the bottom. Click ‘Save’ and that’s it.

7. Reboot the machine or alternatively use the following command

 $ sudo /sbin/init 6

8. Your wifi should work in the specified model laptop. The light specified may not glow. If not please buzz me up.

References:

 http://blog.hyperandy.com/2008/11/01/atheros-ar242x-ubuntu-810-ibex/

 http://snapshots.madwifi-project.org/madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-current.tar.gz

Ubuntu8.10 works good in my Acer Aspire 5315

2009-03-02T02:53:00.000-08:00

Ubuntu8.10 works good in my Acer Aspire 5315

It will automatically detect the sound card and wired network which work good normally. But you have to configure the following things manually.

1. MP3, DVDsupport & Webcam driver support

The best suggestion I suggest is download and install the latest VLCplayer, which includes all general media files support and even it detects the Crystal Eye Webcam also. I have given you the procedure to install VLCplayer from the web repository of ubuntu8.10.

% sudo apt-get update

% sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-esd mozilla-plugin-vlc

It is obvious that incase of root user, that sudo is not required.

2. Wifi / Wireless LAN in Ubuntu8.10

The given version of the kernel has not provide support for wifi for the laptop that I have specified in the title.

To check the wifi driver is detected or not

% sudo lspci | grep âAtherosâ

The device specified will be displayed in the case of the device is detected properly, the prompt will be shown otherwise.

% sudo apt-get install linux-backports-modules-intrepid-generic

which is used to install the new kernel¹ i.e., 2.26.27-11-generic. Then reboot the system once. Boot the machine to the kernel, which is recently installed. Wifi will work good.

Remember that this is the procedure for configuring ubuntu8.10 in the specified laptop only. I hope the same steps will help you to configure for other company laptops also.

References Courtesy:

http://unsharptech.com/2008/10/31/atheros-wireless-in-ubuntu-810-intrepid-ibex/

http://www.videolan.org/

1the old kernel removal is not required

Saliant of Features RHEL5:

2009-02-13T03:07:00.000-08:00

1. 2.6x kernel (2.6.18)

a. 'uname -a' returns OS/Kernel information

Note: 'uname -a' returns the following useful info:

1. OS - Linux

2. Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)

3. Kernel version - 2.6.18...

a. 2.6 = major version

b. .18 = minor version

c. anything else after the minor version indicates that the kernel was patched by the distributor

4. Date and time that the kernel was compiled

2. Supports multiple versions:

a. Basic - Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server

a1. supports 2 physical (Socket) CPUs

a2. Up to 4 virtual guests

b. Advanced Platform

b1. supports unlimited physical CPUs

b2. supports unlimited virtual guests

Note: Virtualization limits pertain to the virtualization technology included with Red Hat Enterprise Linux. NOT third-party software (VMWare)

3. Supports the following platforms:

a. Intel 32/64-bits

b. AMD 32/64-bits

c. IBM - POWER and z-series, S/390

Note: Memory limitation is based on hardware

Common uses of the various versions of RHEL

1. RHEL Basic Version

a. File & Print

b. Web server

c. Infrastructure server (DHCP, DNS, Proxy, etc.)

2. RHEL Advanced Version

a. Application server (Apache Tomcat, JBOSS, Weblogic, WebSphere, etc.)

b. Database server (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Ingres, etc.)

c. Clustering

Installation Server Setup in RHEL5

2009-02-06T23:59:00.001-08:00

1.NFS method

system-config-network for setting a static ipaddress
Configure dhcp server with bootp option – refer dhcp installation
Copy the entire dvd contents to /var/ftp/pub
#vi /etc/exports

/var/ftp/pub *(ro,sync)
#service portmap restart
#chkconfig portmap on
#service nfs restart
#chkconfig nfs on
#cd /var/ftp/pub/Server
#rpm -ivh tftp*

this rpm has the dependency with xinetd rpm. So install xinetd rpm first.
#cp -avrf /var/ftp/pub/isolinux /tftpboot/
#cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /tftpboot/
#cd /tftpboot
#mkdir pxelinux.cfg
#cp /tftpboot/isolinux.cfg /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
#service xinetd restart
#chkconfig xinetd on
#chkconfig tftp on

2.FTP method

Same steps of NFS method
Create one user and make the path specified /var/ftp/pub/ as the home directory of that user.

#useradd -d /var/ftp/pub prasanna

#passwd prasanna
Choose the ftp option while installing, and choose un anonymous option, then provide the username and password that you have created.

Note:

1. Please disable the firewall if any of the methods not working properly. Follow the following steps to disable firewall in RHEL5. You can set your own firewall setup, if you know very well on that.

# iptables -F

# service iptables save

2. PXE (Pre eXecutable Environment) boot ROM required. However these methods can be used in linux askmethod installation also.

3. You cannot do the same method for creating the bootable pendrive.

Delete all other OS & no package Kickstart file

2009-01-26T19:33:00.001-08:00

#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T

# System authorization information

auth --useshadow --enablemd5

# System bootloader configuration

bootloader --location=mbr --md5pass=$1$.9UebnNJ$hkbfHsfgw0JDYVGnVWWTq.

# Partition clearing information

clearpart --linux

# Use text mode install

text

# Firewall configuration

firewall --enabled

# Run the Setup Agent on first boot

firstboot --disable

# System keyboard

keyboard us

# System language

lang en_US

# Installation logging level

logging --level=info

# Use NFS installation media

nfs --server=192.168.0.254 --dir=/var/ftp/pub

# Network information

network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=on

# Reboot after installation

reboot

#Root password

rootpw --iscrypted $1$bdml0V4e$dTffJK3n.0h0Slimi8XBl.

# SELinux configuration

selinux --enforcing

# System timezone

timezone --isUtc Asia/Calcutta

# Install OS instead of upgrade

install

# X Window System configuration information

xconfig --defaultdesktop=GNOME --depth=24 --resolution=800x600

# Disk partitioning information

part / --fstype ext3 --size=10000 --asprimary

part swap --size=512 --asprimary

No Packages Kickstart files

2009-01-26T19:32:00.001-08:00

#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T

# System authorization information

auth --useshadow --enablemd5

# System bootloader configuration

bootloader --location=mbr --md5pass=$1$.9UebnNJ$hkbfHsfgw0JDYVGnVWWTq.

# Partition clearing information

clearpart --none

# Use text mode install

text

# Firewall configuration

firewall --enabled

# Run the Setup Agent on first boot

firstboot --disable

# System keyboard

keyboard us

# System language

lang en_US

# Installation logging level

logging --level=info

# Use NFS installation media

nfs --server=192.168.0.254 --dir=/var/ftp/pub

# Network information

network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=on

# Reboot after installation

reboot

#Root password

rootpw --iscrypted $1$bdml0V4e$dTffJK3n.0h0Slimi8XBl.

# SELinux configuration

selinux --enforcing

# System timezone

timezone --isUtc Asia/Calcutta

# Install OS instead of upgrade

install

# X Window System configuration information

xconfig --defaultdesktop=GNOME --depth=24 --resolution=800x600

# Disk partitioning information

part / --bytes-per-inode=4096 --fstype="ext3" --size=6000

part swap --bytes-per-inode=4096 --fstype="swap" --size=1000

Minimal Packages Kickstart file

2009-01-26T19:31:00.000-08:00

#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T

# System authorization information

auth --useshadow --enablemd5

# System bootloader configuration

bootloader --location=mbr --md5pass=$1$.9UebnNJ$hkbfHsfgw0JDYVGnVWWTq.

# Partition clearing information

clearpart --none

# Use text mode install

text

# Firewall configuration

firewall --enabled

# Run the Setup Agent on first boot

firstboot --disable

# System keyboard

keyboard us

# System language

lang en_US

# Installation logging level

logging --level=info

# Use NFS installation media

nfs --server=192.168.0.254 --dir=/var/ftp/pub

# Network information

network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=on

# Reboot after installation

reboot

#Root password

rootpw --iscrypted $1$bdml0V4e$dTffJK3n.0h0Slimi8XBl.

# SELinux configuration

selinux --enforcing

# System timezone

timezone --isUtc Asia/Calcutta

# Install OS instead of upgrade

install

# X Window System configuration information

xconfig --defaultdesktop=GNOME --depth=24 --resolution=800x600

# Disk partitioning information

part / --bytes-per-inode=4096 --fstype="ext3" --size=6000

part swap --bytes-per-inode=4096 --fstype="swap" --size=1000

%packages

@admin-tools

@base

@base-x

@core

@dialup

@editors

@games

@gnome-desktop

@graphical-internet

@java

@office

@printing

@sound-and-video

@text-internet

Full Packages Kickstart file

2009-01-26T19:30:00.000-08:00

#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T

# System authorization information

auth --useshadow --enablemd5

# System bootloader configuration

bootloader --location=mbr --md5pass=$1$.9UebnNJ$hkbfHsfgw0JDYVGnVWWTq.

# Partition clearing information

clearpart --none

# Use text mode install

text

# Firewall configuration

firewall --enabled

# Run the Setup Agent on first boot

firstboot --disable

# System keyboard

keyboard us

# System language

lang en_US

# Installation logging level

logging --level=info

# Use NFS installation media

nfs --server=192.168.0.254 --dir=/var/ftp/pub

# Network information

network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=on

# Reboot after installation

reboot

#Root password

rootpw --iscrypted $1$bdml0V4e$dTffJK3n.0h0Slimi8XBl.

# SELinux configuration

selinux --enforcing

# System timezone

timezone --isUtc Asia/Calcutta

# Install OS instead of upgrade

install

# X Window System configuration information

xconfig --defaultdesktop=GNOME --depth=24 --resolution=800x600

# Disk partitioning information

part / --bytes-per-inode=4096 --fstype="ext3" --size=6000

part swap --bytes-per-inode=4096 --fstype="swap" --size=1000

%packages

@admin-tools

@authoring-and-publishing

@base

@base-x

@core

@development-libs

@development-tools

@dialup

@dns-server

@editors

@engineering-and-scientific

@ftp-server

@games

@gnome-desktop

@gnome-software-development

@graphical-internet

@graphics

@hindi-support

@java

@java-development

@kannada-support

@kde-desktop

@kde-software-development

@legacy-network-server

@legacy-software-development

@legacy-software-support

@mail-server

@mysql

@network-server

@news-server

@office

@printing

@ruby

@server-cfg

@smb-server

@sound-and-video

@sql-server

@system-tools

@tamil-support

@text-internet

@web-server

@x-software-development

kernel-devel

RHEL5 kickstart file supports to install FEDORA CORE10 smoothly

2009-01-26T18:49:00.000-08:00

I installed RHEL5 in my company's Linux box. The company required to install the newly available fedora core 10 which is the newer version of fedora as of now. All monitors are 14 inches in my company except a few. But FEDORA CORE10 did not support with those in GUI. I could not create a kickstart file in FEDORA CORE10 since it is a purely GUI based one. So I did copy the RHEL5 kickstart file and change the time zone, which was the one changed that I noticed when I was installing the FEDORA CORE10.

It was Asia/Colombo in FEDORA CORE10 which was Asia/Calcutta in RHEL5. Then I put the same kickstart file in my pxe server. I found that that was working good serendipitously. I posted the pdf versions of original kickstart files of my Blog. Refer http://pnaprasanna.blog.co.in/2009/01/27/various-kickstart-files-for-downloading/ The kickstart (.ks) version is posted in the same Linux Ocean blog. Check it out.

The reason is that in Fedora Core10 is spelt Asia/Calcutta as Asia/Kolkatta. So it happened. Anyway the kickstart which is created for RHEL5 can be used easily to install FEDORA CORE 10. But the specific change is indispensable. Otherwise the kickstart will interrupt at the time zone stage. So use my kickstart files up and upgrade the machines casually.

Upgrade your file system from Ext3 to Ext4 file system

2009-01-26T18:47:00.001-08:00

I read this info from nixcraft blog. I want to share something on this. This ext4 file system will be used in the coming version of fedora (i.e., Fedora 11). The following are the features of ext4.

Sub-second timestamps

Space preallocation

Journal checksumming

Large (>2T) file support

Large (>16T) file system support

De fragmentation support

the kernel existing that one which is used by us now won't support for this file system. You have to download the patch for this stuff. Then ext3 file system can be upgraded to ext4 easily with out any data loss. I am still experimenting on this. But nixcraft vivek got this fully. I got an email on this. Please click the following link and get the full stuff.

http://www.cyberciti.biz

Once you install the specified patch, ext3 is no longer mounted with any mount point. So better to keep the boot partition in ext3 only.

Refer https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Features/Ext4DefaultFs for further reading.

DHCP & NFS Configuration in RHEL5

2009-01-03T23:33:00.001-08:00

RHEL 5

DHCP Server Configuration

Step1 : # rpm –q dhcp*

# rpm –ivh dhcp*

Step 2 : # cd /usr/share/doc/dhcp-3.0.1

# ls

# dhcpd.conf.sample

# cp dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcpd.conf

Step 3 : # vi /etc/dhcpd.conf

option domain-name dns server ip

range 172.24.0.10 172.24.0.20

Step 4 : # vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

onbootpro=static

Step 5 : # service dhcpd restart

# chkconfig dhcpd on

Client Configuration

# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-script/ifcfg-eth0

onbootpro=dhcp

NFS Server Configuration

Step1 : # rpm –ivh nf*

Step 2 : # vi /etc/exports

/test *(rw,sync)

:wq

Step3 : # exportfs –av

Step4 : # service portmap restart

# chkconfig portmap on

Step 5 : # service nfs restart

# chkconfig nfs on

Client Configuration

Step1 : # mount 172.24.0.254:/test /mnt

# cd /mnt

Changing the Boot Menu Splash

2008-12-15T06:40:00.000-08:00

This is how to install your own splash screen for ISOLinux (not the kernel splash, I leave that intact since it really is Slax that is starting, there are tutorials on changing the kernel splash out there).

Modules Required

PPMtoLSS16 Module

We are going to create a simple image using the gimp, saving it as a .ppm file. then use the ppmtolss16 utility to convert the ppm to lss. If you are not running under Slax when you do this, you may need to find a ppmtolss utility for your distribution.

Load the PPMtoLSS16 Module
Create a new image in GiMP, 640x400. I use a black background and white or light grey lettering, because we are limited in the number of colors we can use.
Set the color depth to 14, using Image > Mode > Indexed and changing the Maximum Number of Colors to 14.
Okay, go ahead and create your masterpiece.
Save the completed isolinux splash as splash.ppm, raw mode.
In your terminal, cd to the directory you saved splash.ppm and use the command"ppmtolss16< splash.ppm > splash.lss"
Replace the splash.lss file in the boot folder of your CD with your new lss file.

Your new ISOLinux Splash will appear after you burn and boot your remastered CD

YUM Server Configuration in RHEL5 (Yellow Dog Updater Modified)

2008-12-10T05:20:00.001-08:00

YUM Server Configuration in RHEL5 (Yellow Dog Updater Modified) -for increasing the package integrity.

Step 1: install createrepo.rpm from the DVD for creating repository.

# rpm -ivh createrepo.rpm

Step 2: copy all rpms form the DVD and past over the hard disk share them up in NFS.

#createrepo /path-to-rpms

eg: createrepo /var/ftp/pub

It will take several minutes that depends upon the number of rpms that you have copied from the DVD specified and the configuration of your machine.

Step 3: Touch the following file with the contents specified.

#vi /etc/yum.repos.d/somename.repo

[base]

name=friendly name

baseurl=file:///var/ftp/p ub

enabled=1

gpgcheck=0

Step 4: Use the yum server in the same machine because server is the first client of the same service most of the times

the following command is used for install gcc compiler

#yum install gcc

Note: Remember ftp or http service has to be running in the yum server.

Client configuration:

Step 1: Touch the following file with the contents specified in case of ftp server is running in the server machine

#vi /etc/yum.repos.d/somename.repo

[base]

name=friendly name

baseurl=ftp://192.168.0.254/pub

enabled=1

gpgcheck=0

Step 2:

the following command is used for install gcc compiler

#yum install gcc

these are the commands for removing the service specified

#yum erase gcc

#yum remove gcc

for mail server

#yum install sendmail

RHEL 5 Configurations

2008-12-04T04:57:00.000-08:00

Want to learn linux in Tamil or Linux configuration files, refer the following link

http://pnaprasanna.blog.co.in/2008/12/04/இலினக்சு-அமைப்புகள்-rhel-5-configurations/

Want to download various types of kick start files in pdf format, refer the following link

http://pnaprasanna.blog.co.in/2009/01/27/various-kickstart-files-for-downloading/